Plagiarism in the 21st Century Essay - 1632 Words

Plagiarism in the 21st Century The problem of plagiarism has haunted the academic world for centuries. Plagiarism is defined as â€Å"taking ideas, passages, etc from an author and presenting them, unacknowledged, as one’s own†.[1] This problem was limited in the past by the lack of materials available to plagiarize, either in libraries, newspapers, magazines, or in academic files of campus organizations. With the birth of the Internet however, the ability to commit fraud through plagiarism has greatly increased. In this electronic age, there are many materials available that promote plagiarism, and many measures being applied to detect it. Along with the plagiarism materials of the past, there are many new materials arising†¦show more content†¦Once a student downloads a paper from the Web, all he/she has to do is use a word processor to edit and format it, to make it difficult to compare to the original paper on the Internet. There are various services on the Web that assist in plagiarism. One of these is known as â€Å"editing services†.[4] This service accepts a paper, analyses it, and ‘suggests’ ways of improving it by writing a new paper and sending both the original and revised copies – in the correct format - back for the student to review. These types of services basically write the paper for the student, allowing him/her to hand in a paper that he/she did not write. Some services only ask for a format and an outline of what the paper should be about, and builds the assignment from scratch. These are two examples of services that help students commit piracy. This type of piracy – where information is obtained from the Internet and claimed as one’s own, is called â€Å"cyber-plagiarism†.[5] It ranges from downloading term papers off of the Internet, to copying research papers out of electronic encyclopedias, to simply copying images from Web pages without citing them. With the help of word processors, one can ‘cut and paste’ information from various sites and produce a paper effortlessly. Plagiarism today, involves three basic steps to produce a polished paper: 1. download theShow MoreRelated21st Century Cavemen : Technology1275 Words   |  6 Pages21st Century Cavemen: Technology’s addition to plagiarism University is all about being studious and working through many late nights with the latest technology, in order to get the best grade. Unfortunately, the pressure to succeed can cause students to plagiarize. Which, can then lead to a zero on a term paper or a degree revocation. The consequences are harsh, but the crime fits the punishment and plagiarism is a serious academic offense. By taking a closer look at what plagiarism is andRead MoreWhy Plagiarism Is Important For Academic Integrity?1731 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the Role of Plagiarism in regards to Academic Integrity? Plagiarism, â€Å"the act of using another person s words or ideas without giving credit to that person: the act of plagiarizing something† (Merriam-Webster, 2017), is said to be reaching epidemic proportions (Park,2003). Throughout history, plagiarism has been an issue, however, the severity and the implications where not fully understood until the development of the printing press in the 17th century. Now in the age of information sharingRead MorePlagiarism : The Wild Blue, The Men And Boys Who Flew The B.  ­ 24828 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is plagiarism? Well Webster dictionary 2015 says, â€Å"the practice of taking someone s else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own.† That’s self explanatory on its own but to go more in depth with what plagiarism we should look at the history of what plagiarism is. The word derives from a couple of Latin rootsÍ ¾ plagiarius and plagiare. According to my sources plagiarism is a very ancient art and it is not a recent thing in our recent centuries. â€Å"Shakespeare even stole most of hisRead MorePlagiarism And Plagiarism1326 Words   |  6 PagesPlagiarism is when one use another person’s work or ideas without getting his permission. Oxford dictionary (2015) defines plagiarism as â€Å"The practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own†. The word origins, based on Oxford dictionary (2015), is coming from â€Å"the early 17th century, from the Latin word ‘plagiarius’ that means ‘kidnapper’†. Although the definition can help us understand better what plagiarism is, it is sometimes hard to know where the line crossRead MoreThe Digital Age And The Age Of Information Technology1615 Words   |  7 Pages The twenty-first century is known as the digital age and the age of information technology. In today’s digital world, students need to be fluent in the use of technology in order to be successful global citizens and educators need to facilitate this need. The use of technology in classrooms will allow for the integration of the four C’s, four critical skills necessary for the modern day student. The Partnership for 21st Century Learning lists these skills as communication, collaboration, criticalRead More The World Wide Web and Plagiarism Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe World Wide Web and Plagiarism In the recent past when computers were available to the public, users could easily type a document without having to retype a whole page to correct or add a part to a document. Shortly after that came the Internet where countless pages of documents and information became accessible to nearly everybody. The problem with plagiarism was much smaller and easier to detect before the Internet. Preceding the Internet, plagiarized materials usedRead MoreCase Studies: Ethics in Journalism and Other Media1504 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsibility to the public, and they cannot use digital media to forge the truth out of whole cloth. Whats to be done in this case? There are other cases of plagiarism in American newspapers that can be used as examples in terms of what steps should be taken by publishers and editors of these publications. The most infamous case of plagiarism in recent years happened in the newsroom of the highly esteemed New York Times, in 2003, when the Tim es was embarrassed and greatly chagrined to learn thatRead MoreModern Parenting Styles Are Essential For The Development Of Children Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pagestrust that their parenting styles are effective enough to prepare their children for 21st century challenges. Although some parents follow modern parenting strategies and may produce productive children, other parents do not acknowledge that their parenting strategies create negative effects in the development of their children s early ages, preventing them from developing into adults ready to take on the 21st century challenges. Throughout the world parents inculcate children with certain ideas andRead MoreAnalysis Of Broken Images By Karnad943 Words   |  4 Pagesfolk, myth and historical heritage. Unlike Flowers and other plays by the playwright, in Broken Images no myth or folklore or historical legend is used to venture into contemporary problems and issues. The play has a techno-savvy setting of the 21st Century, presenting not the typical Karnadian heroines like Vishakha, Nittilai, Padmini or Rani but a modern, educated, economically and intellectually stable woman—a Lecturer of English, Manjula Nayak. This shift in focus, from the traditionalRead MoreJet Blue Ipo Advanced Corporate Finance1654 Words   |  7 Pages2013 June 27, 2013 Author Note Certificate of Authorship: This paper was prepared by me for this specific course and is not a result of plagiarism or self-plagiarism. I have cited all sources from which I used data, ideas, or words either quoted or paraphrased. Date : __________________________ Signature:

The Effect Of Incivility On Nursing Turnover And Patient Care

The Effect of Incivility on Nursing Turnover and Patient Care Incivility is an umbrella term used to describe any type of negative behavior directed towards another individual that may impact the way that they behave and/or feel. While incidences of incivility may be visible in most professional careers, it’s significance in nursing has prompted a provisional statement from the American Nurses Association. â€Å"The nurse creates an ethical environment and culture of civility and kindness. Disregard for the effects of one’s actions on others, bullying, harassment, intimidation, manipulation, threats, or violence are always morally unacceptable behaviors† (American Nurses Association, 2015, p. 4). Dumont, Meisinger, Whitacre, Corbin (2012)†¦show more content†¦Key words and terminology in the article search included hostility, nursing turnover, nursing attrition, nurse aggression, bullying, and nurse hostility. Specific key words that were used to narrow down the search included incivility, nurse turnover, lateral violence (LV), horizontal violence (HV), disruptive behavior (DB), and horizontal hostility (HH). The publication date range was adjusted to 2012 through 2017. The following literature review probes into the research of incivility to explore the connection with nursing turnover and patient care. Hayward, Bungay, Wolff, and Macdonald (2016) performed qualitative interviews on twelve registered nurses averaging sixteen years of experience that represented diverse areas of acute care, to investigate the factors that contribute to turnover. Three themes that influenced the nurses’ decision to leave nursing were challenging workplace environments, limited leadership support, and personal health issues. (Hayward et al.) Furthermore, Hayward et al.’s theme of challenging workplace environments detailed the nurses’ insight on harassment, negative behaviors, and bullying that resulted in nurses’ impaired job performance. Wilson, Diedrich, Phelps, and Choi (2011) investigated the quantitative prevalence of incivility related to the intent to leave nursing by obtaining the results of surveys replicated from the American Academy ofShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Incivility In Nursing1066 Words   |  5 Pages Nurse-to-nurse lateral violence or incivility profoundly raises occupational stress with physical, psychological, and organizational consequence(Embree, White, Bruner, 2013). I will discuss issues of incivility, importance to nursing, a scenario, creating a healthful environment, my specialty track, and my conclusion. 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Lateral Violence Experience My experience with nursing incivility began whenRead MoreWorkplace Bullying Is A Phenomenon That Affects Many Organizations Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesWorkplace bullying is a phenomenon that affects many organizations, especially among healthcare professionals. â€Å"Bullying of nurses has been identified as affecting patient outcomes, occupational stress, and staff turnover with fifty percent of those reported being bullied identified managers or directors as the bullies†(Etienne, 2014, p. 6). This paper will analyze data, information, knowledge, and wisdom continuum as it relates to workplace bullying in the healthcare environment. It will identifyRead MoreBullying in Nursing838 Words   |  3 PagesIn a profession where caring is the epicenter of the job, it is disconcerting to see a high occurrence of bullying in the nursing environment. Lateral bullying and lateral violence are terms used to describe bullying, uncivil behavior, disrespect, social devaluing, peer cont rol and verbal, physical and emotional abuse occurring between nurses and or colleagues (Ceravolo et al., 2012). Abusive behaviors from a superior are considered vertical or hierarchal violence and are commonly seen when the superiorRead MoreEssay on Nursing Turnover: Costs, Causes, Solutions2923 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction: Nurse turnover is defined as â€Å"the number of nurses changing jobs within an organization or leaving an organization within a given year† (Baumann 2010). Retaining nurses is one of the most important issues in health care as its effects range from challenges in human resource planning, to high costs in financial and organizational productivity (Beecroft et al, 2008), to workgroup processes and morale, to patient safety and quality of care (i.e. patient satisfaction, length of patient stay, patientRead MoreLeading and Managing in Nursing1420 Words   |  6 Pagescoworkers their might be great possibility of her leaving the job or feeling incompetent of carrying out her new role. This paper identifies the problems that can exist due to the negative reaction of Julie’s coworkers in relation to her new role, and effect of long existing problem in an organization, it also describe the managing theory that can be applied to solve the problems, mentions some specific stra tegies that can be used to resolve problems, and describe the consequences of implementing theRead MoreA Stressful Event That The Nurse Experienced1611 Words   |  7 Pagesthe event as a stressor. Selye s General Adaptation Syndrome will be described in relating to this stressful situation as well. Furthermore, the author will explain hardiness as a stress mediator and how to incorporate this stress mediator in the nursing practice. During the second semester in the RN program, the author worked as a student nurse at a pediatric clinical site in a Children’s hospital. From the first greeting, the preceptor for one day did not welcome the student nurse at all and even

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 44-47 Free Essays

CHAPTER 44 â€Å"Ten digits,† Sophie said, her cryptologic senses tingling as she studied the printout. 13-3-2-21-1-1-8-5 Grand-pere wrote his account number on the Louvre floor! When Sophie had first seen the scrambled Fibonacci sequence on the parquet, she had assumed its sole purpose was to encourage DCPJ to call in their cryptographers and get Sophie involved.Later, she realized the numbers were also a clue as to how to decipher the other lines – a sequence out of order†¦a numeric anagram. We will write a custom essay sample on The Da Vinci Code Chapter 44-47 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now, utterly amazed, she saw the numbers had a more important meaning still. They were almost certainly the final key to opening her grandfather’s mysterious safe- deposit box. â€Å"He was the master of double-entendres,† Sophie said, turning to Langdon. â€Å"He loved anything with multiple layers of meaning. Codes within codes.† Langdon was already moving toward the electronic podium near the conveyor belt. Sophie grabbed the computer printout and followed. The podium had a keypad similar to that of a bank ATM terminal. The screen displayed the bank’s cruciform logo. Beside the keypad was a triangular hole. Sophie wasted no time inserting the shaft of her key into the hole. The screen refreshed instantly. ACCOUNT NUMBER: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The cursor blinked. Waiting. Ten digits.Sophie read the numbers off the printout, and Langdon typed them in. ACCOUNT NUMBER: 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 8 5 When he had typed the last digit, the screen refreshed again. A message in several languages appeared. English was on top. CAUTION: Before you strike the enter key, please check the accuracy of your account number. For your own security, if the computer does not recognize your account number, this system will automatically shut down. â€Å"Fonction terminer,†Sophie said, frowning. â€Å"Looks like we only get one try.† Standard ATM machines allowed users three attempts to type a PIN before confiscating their bank card. This was obviously no ordinary cash machine. â€Å"The number looks right,† Langdon confirmed, carefully checking what they had typed and comparing it to the printout. He motioned to the ENTER key. â€Å"Fire away.† Sophie extended her index finger toward the keypad, but hesitated, an odd thought now hitting her. â€Å"Go ahead,† Langdon urged. â€Å"Vernet will be back soon.† â€Å"No.† She pulled her hand away. â€Å"This isn’t the right account number.† â€Å"Of course it is! Ten digits. What else would it be?† â€Å"It’s too random.† Too random? Langdon could not have disagreed more. Every bank advised its customers to choose PINs at random so nobody could guess them. Certainly clients here would be advised to choose their account numbers at random. Sophie deleted everything she had just typed in and looked up at Langdon, her gaze self-assured.† It’s far too coincidental that this supposedly random account number could be rearranged to form the Fibonacci sequence.† Langdon realized she had a point. Earlier, Sophie had rearranged this account number into the Fibonacci sequence. What were the odds of being able to do that? Sophie was at the keypad again, entering a different number, as if from memory. â€Å"Moreover, with my grandfather’s love of symbolism and codes, it seems to follow that he would have chosen an account number that had meaning to him, something he could easily remember.† She finished typing the entry and gave a sly smile. â€Å"Something that appeared random†¦ but was not.† Langdon looked at the screen. ACCOUNT NUMBER: 1123581321 It took him an instant, but when Langdon spotted it, he knew she was right. The Fibonacci sequence. 1-1-2-3-5-8-13-21 When the Fibonacci sequence was melded into a single ten-digit number, it became virtually unrecognizable. Easy to remember, and yet seemingly random.A brilliant ten-digit code that Sauniere would never forget. Furthermore, it perfectly explained why the scrambled numbers on the Louvre floor could be rearranged to form the famous progression. Sophie reached down and pressed the ENTER key. Nothing happened. At least nothing they could detect. At that moment, beneath them, in the bank’s cavernous subterranean vault, a robotic claw sprang to life. Sliding on a double-axis transport system attached to the ceiling, the claw headed off in search of the proper coordinates. On the cement floor below, hundreds of identical plastic crates lay aligned on an enormous grid†¦ like rows of small coffins in an underground crypt. Whirring to a stop over the correct spot on the floor, the claw dropped down, an electric eye confirming the bar code on the box. Then, with computer precision, the claw grasped the heavy handle and hoisted the crate vertically. New gears engaged, and the claw transported the box to the far side of the vault, coming to a stop over a stationary conveyor belt. Gently now, the retrieval arm set down the crate and retracted. Once the arm was clear, the conveyor belt whirred to life†¦ . Upstairs, Sophie and Langdon exhaled in relief to see the conveyor belt move. Standing beside the belt, they felt like weary travelers at baggage claim awaiting a mysterious piece of luggage whose contents were unknown. The conveyor belt entered the room on their right through a narrow slit beneath a retractable door. The metal door slid up, and a huge plastic box appeared, emerging from the depths on the inclined conveyor belt. The box was black, heavy molded plastic, and far larger than she imagined. It looked like an air-freight pet transport crate without any air holes. The box coasted to a stop directly in front of them. Langdon and Sophie stood there, silent, staring at the mysterious container. Like everything else about this bank, this crate was industrial – metal clasps, a bar code sticker on top, and molded heavy-duty handle. Sophie thought it looked like a giant toolbox. Wasting no time, Sophie unhooked the two buckles facing her. Then she glanced over at Langdon. Together, they raised the heavy lid and let it fall back. Stepping forward, they peered down into the crate. At first glance, Sophie thought the crate was empty. Then she saw something. Sitting at the bottom of the crate. A lone item. The polished wooden box was about the size of a shoebox and had ornate hinges. The wood was a lustrous deep purple with a strong grain. Rosewood, Sophie realized. Her grandfather’s favorite. The lid bore a beautiful inlaid design of a rose. She and Langdon exchanged puzzled looks. Sophie leaned in and grabbed the box, lifting it out. My God, it’s heavy! She carried it gingerly to a large receiving table and set it down. Langdon stood beside her, both of them staring at the small treasure chest her grandfather apparently had sent them to retrieve. Langdon stared in wonderment at the lid’s hand-carved inlay – a five-petal rose. He had seen this type of rose many times. â€Å"The five-petal rose,† he whispered,† is a Priory symbol for the Holy Grail.† Sophie turned and looked at him. Langdon could see what she was thinking, and he was thinking it too. The dimensions of the box, the apparent weight of its contents, and a Priory symbol for the Grail all seemed to imply one unfathomable conclusion. The Cup of Christ is in this wooden box. Langdon again told himself it was impossible. â€Å"It’s a perfect size,† Sophie whispered,† to hold†¦ a chalice.† It can’t be a chalice. Sophie pulled the box toward her across the table, preparing to open it. As she moved it, though, something unexpected happened. The box let out an odd gurgling sound. Langdon did a double take. There’s liquid inside? Sophie looked equally confused. â€Å"Did you just hear†¦ ?† Langdon nodded, lost. â€Å"Liquid.† Reaching forward, Sophie slowly unhooked the clasp and raised the lid. The object inside was unlike anything Langdon had ever seen. One thing was immediately clear to both of them, however. This was definitely not the Cup of Christ. CHAPTER 45 â€Å"The police are blocking the street,† Andre Vernet said, walking into the waiting room. â€Å"Getting you out will be difficult.† As he closed the door behind him, Vernet saw the heavy-duty plastic case on the conveyor belt and halted in his tracks. My God! They accessed Sauniere’s account? Sophie and Langdon were at the table, huddling over what looked to be a large wooden jewelry box. Sophie immediately closed the lid and looked up. â€Å"We had the account number after all,† she said. Vernet was speechless. This changed everything. He respectfully diverted his eyes from the box and tried to figure out his next move. I have to get them out of the bank! But with the police already having set up a roadblock, Vernet could imagine only one way to do that. â€Å"Mademoiselle Neveu, if I can get you safely out of the bank, will you be taking the item with you or returning it to the vault before you leave?† Sophie glanced at Langdon and then back to Vernet. â€Å"We need to take it.† Vernet nodded. â€Å"Very well. Then whatever the item is, I suggest you wrap it in your jacket as we move through the hallways. I would prefer nobody else see it.† As Langdon shed his jacket, Vernet hurried over to the conveyor belt, closed the now empty crate, and typed a series of simple commands. The conveyor belt began moving again, carrying the plastic container back down to the vault. Pulling the gold key from the podium, he handed it to Sophie. â€Å"This way please. Hurry.† When they reached the rear loading dock, Vernet could see the flash of police lights filtering through the underground garage. He frowned. They were probably blocking the ramp. Am I really going to try to pull this off? He was sweating now. Vernet motioned to one of the bank’s small armored trucks. Transport sur was another service offered by the Depository Bank of Zurich. â€Å"Get in the cargo hold,† he said, heaving open the massive rear door and motioning to the glistening steel compartment. â€Å"I’ll be right back.† As Sophie and Langdon climbed in, Vernet hurried across the loading dock to the dock overseer’s office, let himself in, collected the keys for the truck, and found a driver’s uniform jacket and cap. Shedding his own suit coat and tie, he began to put on the driver’s jacket. Reconsidering, he donned a shoulder holster beneath the uniform. On his way out, he grabbed a driver’s pistol from the rack, put in a clip, and stuffed it in the holster, buttoning his uniform over it. Returning to the truck, Vernet pulled the driver’s cap down low and peered in at Sophie and Langdon, who were standing inside the empty steel box. â€Å"You’ll want this on,† Vernet said, reaching inside and flicking a wall switch to illuminate the lone courtesy bulb on the hold’s ceiling. â€Å"And you’d better sit down. Not a sound on our way out the gate.† Sophie and Langdon sat down on the metal floor. Langdon cradled the treasure wadded in his tweed jacket. Swinging the heavy doors closed, Vernet locked them inside. Then he got in behind the wheel and revved the engine. As the armored truck lumbered toward the top of the ramp, Vernet could feel the sweat already collecting beneath his driver’s cap. He could see there were far more police lights in front than he had imagined. As the truck powered up the ramp, the interior gate swung inward to let him pass. Vernet advanced and waited while the gate behind him closed before pulling forward and tripping the next sensor. The second gate opened, and the exit beckoned. Except for the police car blocking the top of the ramp. Vernet dabbed his brow and pulled forward. A lanky officer stepped out and waved him to a stop a few meters from the roadblock. Four patrol cars were parked out front. Vernet stopped. Pulling his driver’s cap down farther, he effected as rough a facade as his cultured upbringing would allow. Not budging from behind the wheel, he opened the door and gazed down at the agent, whose face was stern and sallow. â€Å"Qu’est-ce qui se passe?† Vernet asked, his tone rough. â€Å"Je suis Jerome Collet,† the agent said. â€Å"Lieutenant Police Judiciaire.† He motioned to the truck’s cargo hold. â€Å"Qu’est-ce qu’ily a la dedans?† â€Å"Hell if I know,† Vernet replied in crude French. â€Å"I’m only a driver.† Collet looked unimpressed. â€Å"We’re looking for two criminals.† Vernet laughed. â€Å"Then you came to the right spot. Some of these bastards I drive for have so much money they must be criminals.† The agent held up a passport picture of Robert Langdon. â€Å"Was this man in your bank tonight?† Vernet shrugged. â€Å"No clue. I’m a dock rat. They don’t let us anywhere near the clients. You need to go in and ask the front desk.† â€Å"Your bank is demanding a search warrant before we can enter.† Vernet put on a disgusted look. â€Å"Administrators. Don’t get me started.† â€Å"Open your truck, please.† Collet motioned toward the cargo hold. Vernet stared at the agent and forced an obnoxious laugh. â€Å"Open the truck? You think I have keys? You think they trust us? You should see the crap wages I get paid.† The agent’s head tilted to one side, his skepticism evident. â€Å"You’re telling me you don’t have keys to your own truck?† Vernet shook his head. â€Å"Not the cargo area. Ignition only. These trucks get sealed by overseers on the loading dock. Then the truck sits in dock while someone drives the cargo keys to the drop-off. Once we get the call that the cargo keys are with the recipient, then I get the okay to drive. Not a second before. I never know what the hell I’m lugging.† â€Å"When was this truck sealed?† â€Å"Must have been hours ago. I’m driving all the way up to St. Thurial tonight. Cargo keys are already up there.† The agent made no response, his eyes probing as if trying to read Vernet’s mind. A drop of sweat was preparing to slide down Vernet’s nose. â€Å"You mind?† he said, wiping his nose with his sleeve and motioning to the police car blocking his way. â€Å"I’m on a tight schedule.† â€Å"Do all the drivers wear Rolexes?† the agent asked, pointing to Vernet’s wrist. Vernet glanced down and saw the glistening band of his absurdly expensive watch peeking out from beneath the sleeve of his jacket. Merde. â€Å"This piece of shit? Bought it for twenty euro from a Taiwanese street vendor in St. Germain des Pres. I’ll sell it to you for forty.† The agent paused and finally stepped aside. â€Å"No thanks. Have a safe trip.† Vernet did not breathe again until the truck was a good fifty meters down the street. And now he had another problem. His cargo. Where do I take them? CHAPTER 46 Silas lay prone on the canvas mat in his room, allowing the lash wounds on his back to clot in the air. Tonight’s second session with the Discipline had left him dizzy and weak. He had yet to remove the cilice belt, and he could feel the blood trickling down his inner thigh. Still, he could not justify removing the strap. I have failed the Church. Far worse, I have failed the bishop. Tonight was supposed to be Bishop Aringarosa’s salvation. Five months ago, the bishop had returned from a meeting at the Vatican Observatory, where he had learned something that left him deeply changed. Depressed for weeks, Aringarosa had finally shared the news with Silas. â€Å"But this is impossible!† Silas had cried out. â€Å"I cannot accept it!† â€Å"It is true,† Aringarosa said. â€Å"Unthinkable, but true. In only six months.† The bishop’s words terrified Silas. He prayed for deliverance, and even in those dark days, his trust in God and The Way never wavered. It was only a month later that the clouds parted miraculously and the light of possibility shone through. Divine intervention, Aringarosa had called it. The bishop had seemed hopeful for the first time. â€Å"Silas,† he whispered,† God has bestowed upon us an opportunity to protect The Way. Our battle, like all battles, will take sacrifice. Will you be a soldier of God?† Silas fell to his knees before Bishop Aringarosa – the man who had given him a new life – and he said,† I am a lamb of God. Shepherd me as your heart commands.† When Aringarosa described the opportunity that had presented itself, Silas knew it could only be the hand of God at work. Miraculous fate! Aringarosa put Silas in contact with the man who had proposed the plan – a man who called himself the Teacher. Although the Teacher and Silas never met face-to-face, each time they spoke by phone, Silas was awed, both by the profundity of the Teacher’s faith and by the scope of his power. The Teacher seemed to be a man who knew all, a man with eyes and ears in all places. How the Teacher gathered his information, Silas did not know, but Aringarosa had placed enormous trust in the Teacher, and he had told Silas to do the same. â€Å"Do as the Teacher commands you,† the bishop told Silas. â€Å"And we will be victorious.† Victorious.Silas now gazed at the bare floor and feared victory had eluded them. The Teacher had been tricked. The keystone was a devious dead end. And with the deception, all hope had vanished. Silas wished he could call Bishop Aringarosa and warn him, but the Teacher had removed all their lines of direct communication tonight. For our safety. Finally, overcoming enormous trepidation, Silas crawled to his feet and found his robe, which lay on the floor. He dug his cell phone from the pocket. Hanging his head in shame, he dialed. â€Å"Teacher,† he whispered,† all is lost.† Silas truthfully told the man how he had been tricked.† You lose your faith too quickly,† the Teacher replied. â€Å"I have just received news. Most unexpected and welcome. The secret lives. Jacques Sauniere transferred information before he died. I will call you soon. Our work tonight is not yet done.† CHAPTER 47 Riding inside the dimly lit cargo hold of the armored truck was like being transported inside a cell for solitary confinement. Langdon fought the all too familiar anxiety that haunted him in confined spaces. Vernet said he would take us a safe distance out of the city.Where? How far? Langdon’s legs had gotten stiff from sitting cross-legged on the metal floor, and he shifted his position, wincing to feel the blood pouring back into his lower body. In his arms, he still clutched the bizarre treasure they had extricated from the bank. â€Å"I think we’re on the highway now,† Sophie whispered. Langdon sensed the same thing. The truck, after an unnerving pause atop the bank ramp, had moved on, snaking left and right for a minute or two, and was now accelerating to what felt like top speed. Beneath them, the bulletproof tires hummed on smooth pavement. Forcing his attention to the rosewood box in his arms, Langdon laid the precious bundle on the floor, unwrapped his jacket, and extracted the box, pulling it toward him. Sophie shifted her position so they were sitting side by side. Langdon suddenly felt like they were two kids huddled over a Christmas present. In contrast to the warm colors of the rosewood box, the inlaid rose had been crafted of a pale wood, probably ash, which shone clearly in the dim light. The Rose.Entire armies and religions had been built on this symbol, as had secret societies. The Rosicrucians.The Knights of the Rosy Cross. â€Å"Go ahead,† Sophie said. â€Å"Open it.† Langdon took a deep breath. Reaching for the lid, he stole one more admiring glance at the intricate woodwork and then, unhooking the clasp, he opened the lid, revealing the object within. Langdon had harbored several fantasies about what they might find inside this box, but clearly he had been wrong on every account. Nestled snugly inside the box’s heavily padded interior of crimson silk lay an object Langdon could not even begin to comprehend. Crafted of polished white marble, it was a stone cylinder approximately the dimensions of a tennis ball can. More complicated than a simple column of stone, however, the cylinder appeared to have been assembled in many pieces. Six doughnut-sized disks of marble had been stacked and affixed to one another within a delicate brass framework. It looked like some kind of tubular, multi-wheeled kaleidoscope. Each end of the cylinder was affixed with an end cap, also marble, making it impossible to see inside. Having heard liquid within, Langdon assumed the cylinder was hollow. As mystifying as the construction of the cylinder was, however, it was the engravings around the tube’s circumference that drew Langdon’s primary focus. Each of the six disks had been carefully carved with the same unlikely series of letters – the entire alphabet. The lettered cylinder reminded Langdon of one of his childhood toys – a rod threaded with lettered tumblers that could be rotated to spell different words. â€Å"Amazing, isn’t it?† Sophie whispered. Langdon glanced up. â€Å"I don’t know. What the hell is it?† Now there was a glint in Sophie’s eye. â€Å"My grandfather used to craft these as a hobby. They were invented by Leonardo Da Vinci.† Even in the diffuse light, Sophie could see Langdon’s surprise. â€Å"Da Vinci?† he muttered, looking again at the canister.† Yes. It’s called a cryptex.According to my grandfather, the blueprints come from one of Da Vinci’s secret diaries.† â€Å"What is it for?† Considering tonight’s events, Sophie knew the answer might have some interesting implications. â€Å"It’s a vault,† she said. â€Å"For storing secret information.† Langdon’s eyes widened further. Sophie explained that creating models of Da Vinci’s inventions was one of her grandfather’s best-loved hobbies. A talented craftsman who spent hours in his wood and metal shop, Jacques Sauniere enjoyed imitating master craftsmen – Faberge, assorted cloisonne artisans, and the less artistic, but far more practical, Leonardo Da Vinci. Even a cursory glance through Da Vinci’s journals revealed why the luminary was as notorious for his lack of follow-through as he was famous for his brilliance. Da Vinci had drawn up blueprints for hundreds of inventions he had never built. One of Jacques Sauniere’s favorite pastimes was bringing Da Vinci’s more obscure brainstorms to life – timepieces, water pumps, cryptexes, and even a fully articulated model of a medieval French knight, which now stood proudly on the desk in his office. Designed by Da Vinci in 1495 as an outgrowth of his earliest anatomy and kinesiology studies, the internal mechanism of the robot knight possessed accurate joints and tendons, and was designed to sit up, wave its arms, and move its head via a flexible neck while opening and closing an anatomically correct jaw. This armor-clad knight, Sophie had always believed, was the most beautiful object her grandfather had ever built†¦ that was, until she had seen the cryptex in this rosewood box. â€Å"He made me one of these when I was little,† Sophie said. â€Å"But I’ve never seen one so ornate and large.† Langdon’s eyes had never left the box. â€Å"I’ve never heard of a cryptex.† Sophie was not surprised. Most of Leonardo’s unbuilt inventions had never been studied or even named. The term cryptex possibly had been her grandfather’s creation, an apt title for this device that used the science of cryptology to protect information written on the contained scroll or codex. Da Vinci had been a cryptology pioneer, Sophie knew, although he was seldom given credit. Sophie’s university instructors, while presenting computer encryption methods for securing data, praised modern cryptologists like Zimmerman and Schneier but failed to mention that it was Leonardo who had invented one of the first rudimentary forms of public key encryption centuries ago. Sophie’s grandfather, of course, had been the one to tell her all about that. As their armored truck roared down the highway, Sophie explained to Langdon that the cryptex had been Da Vinci’s solution to the dilemma of sending secure messages over long distances. In an era without telephones or e-mail, anyone wanting to convey private information to someone far away had no option but to write it down and then trust a messenger to carry the letter. Unfortunately, if a messenger suspected the letter might contain valuable information, he could make far more money selling the information to adversaries than he could delivering the letter properly. Many great minds in history had invented cryptologic solutions to the challenge of data protection: Julius Caesar devised a code-writing scheme called the Caesar Box; Mary, Queen of Scots created a transposition cipher and sent secret communiques from prison; and the brilliant Arab scientist Abu Yusuf Ismail al-Kindi protected his secrets with an ingeniously conceived polyalphabetic substitution cipher. Da Vinci, however, eschewed mathematics and cryptology for a mechanical solution. The cryptex. A portable container that could safeguard letters, maps, diagrams, anything at all. Once information was sealed inside the cryptex, only the individual with the proper password could access it. â€Å"We require a password,† Sophie said, pointing out the lettered dials. â€Å"A cryptex works much like a bicycle’s combination lock. If you align the dials in the proper position, the lock slides open. This cryptex has five lettered dials. When you rotate them to their proper sequence, the tumblers inside align, and the entire cylinder slides apart.† â€Å"And inside?† â€Å"Once the cylinder slides apart, you have access to a hollow central compartment, which can hold a scroll of paper on which is the information you want to keep private.† Langdon looked incredulous. â€Å"And you say your grandfather built these for you when you were younger?† â€Å"Some smaller ones, yes. A couple times for my birthday, he gave me a cryptex and told me a riddle. The answer to the riddle was the password to the cryptex, and once I figured it out, I could open it up and find my birthday card.† â€Å"A lot of work for a card.† â€Å"No, the cards always contained another riddle or clue. My grandfather loved creating elaborate treasure hunts around our house, a string of clues that eventually led to my real gift. Each treasure hunt was a test of character and merit, to ensure I earned my rewards. And the tests were never simple.† Langdon eyed the device again, still looking skeptical. â€Å"But why not just pry it apart? Or smash it? The metal looks delicate, and marble is a soft rock.† Sophie smiled. â€Å"Because Da Vinci is too smart for that. He designed the cryptex so that if you try to force it open in any way, the information self-destructs. Watch.† Sophie reached into the box and carefully lifted out the cylinder. â€Å"Any information to be inserted is first written on a papyrus scroll.† â€Å"Not vellum?† Sophie shook her head. â€Å"Papyrus. I know sheep’s vellum was more durable and more common in those days, but it had to be papyrus. The thinner the better.† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"Before the papyrus was inserted into the cryptex’s compartment, it was rolled around a delicate glass vial.† She tipped the cryptex, and the liquid inside gurgled. â€Å"A vial of liquid.† â€Å"Liquid what?† Sophie smiled. â€Å"Vinegar.† Langdon hesitated a moment and then began nodding. â€Å"Brilliant.† Vinegar and papyrus, Sophie thought. If someone attempted to force open the cryptex, the glass vial would break, and the vinegar would quickly dissolve the papyrus. By the time anyone extracted the secret message, it would be a glob of meaningless pulp. â€Å"As you can see,† Sophie told him,† the only way to access the information inside is to know the proper five-letter password. And with five dials, each with twenty-six letters, that’s twenty-six to the fifth power.† She quickly estimated the permutations. â€Å"Approximately twelve million possibilities.† â€Å"If you say so,† Langdon said, looking like he had approximately twelve million questions running through his head. â€Å"What information do you think is inside?† â€Å"Whatever it is, my grandfather obviously wanted very badly to keep it secret.† She paused, closing the box lid and eyeing the five-petal Rose inlaid on it. Something was bothering her. â€Å"Did you say earlier that the Rose is a symbol for the Grail?† â€Å"Exactly. In Priory symbolism, the Rose and the Grail are synonymous.† Sophie furrowed her brow. â€Å"That’s strange, because my grandfather always told me the Rose meant secrecy.He used to hang a rose on his office door at home when he was having a confidential phone call and didn’t want me to disturb him. He encouraged me to do the same.† Sweetie, her grandfather said, rather than lock each other out, we can each hang a rose – la fleur des secrets – on our door when we need privacy.This way we learn to respect and trust each other.Hanging a rose is an ancient Roman custom. â€Å"Sub rosa,†Langdon said. â€Å"The Romans hung a rose over meetings to indicate the meeting was confidential. Attendees understood that whatever was said under the rose – or sub rosa – had to remain a secret.† Langdon quickly explained that the Rose’s overtone of secrecy was not the only reason the Priory used it as a symbol for the Grail. Rosa rugosa, one of the oldest species of rose, had five petals and pentagonal symmetry, just like the guiding star of Venus, giving the Rose strong iconographic ties to womanhood.In addition, the Rose had close ties to the concept of† true direction† and navigating one’s way. The Compass Rose helped travelers navigate, as did Rose Lines, the longitudinal lines on maps. For this reason, the Rose was a symbol that spoke of the Grail on many levels – secrecy, womanhood, and guidance – the feminine chalice and guiding star that led to secret truth. As Langdon finished his explanation, his expression seemed to tighten suddenly. â€Å"Robert? Are you okay?† His eyes were riveted to the rosewood box. â€Å"Sub†¦rosa,†he choked, a fearful bewilderment sweeping across his face. â€Å"It can’t be.† â€Å"What?† Langdon slowly raised his eyes. â€Å"Under the sign of the Rose,† he whispered. â€Å"This cryptex†¦ I think I know what it is.† How to cite The Da Vinci Code Chapter 44-47, Essay examples

Factors Effecting the Service and Financial Performance of Pia free essay sample

Corruption at its peak:14 Less technology advanced as compared to its competitors:15 Poor image:15 Lack of training facilities:15 SWOT Analysis of Pakistan International Airlines:16 STRENGTHS:16 LEADING MARKET POSITION:16 BRAND RECOGNITION:16 SUPERIOR OPERATING STRUCTURE:16 NETWORK PRESENCE:17 HUB AIRPORT AT KARACHI:17 EFFECTIVE USE OF TECHNOLOGY:17 WEAKNESSES:17 FORMULATION OF GOVT. RULES:17 HIGH DEPENDENCE ON PASSENGER REVENUES:17 DEBT:18 RELIANCE ON OIL PRICES:18 OPPORTUNITIES:18 HAVING THE MAXIMUM ROUTE AND FLEET:18 GROWING DEMAND FOR LOW COST AIRLINES:18 CUSTOMER LOYALTY:18 SHIFTING CUSTOMER NEEDS:19 INDUSTRY RECOVERY:19 THREATS19 HIGH INTEREST RATES:19 ACCIDENTS:19 STRONG COMPETITION BY AIRBLUE:20 INTEREST AND FOREIGN CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES:21 DECLINE IN AIRLINE INDUSTRY:21 PEST ANALYSIS21 POLITICAL FACTORS:21 ECONOMIC FACTORS:22 SOCIAL FACTORS:23 TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS:23 Recommendations and suggestions:24 Implementation of program:25 Human resources and administration department:25 Management issues:25 Marketing department:26 Modernization of fleet:28 Explore more market:28 Training and development department:28 Accountability:29 Finance:29 Benefits29 References31 Sites31 Journals, Reports, Magazines,31 Executive Summary In 1946, Pakistan International Airline was founded as Orient Airways. It provides transportation, cargo and courier services. Pakistan International Airlines serves at two levels that is Domestic and International Level. In comparison to the other Airlines which are operating in Pakistan at Domestic level, PIA expanded its networks to areas where other flights don’t fly. On the other side in international sector it is facing tough challenges in international market due to the lower fares which are offered by other airlines whereas it’s also facing competition on the routes to the Middle East and the Gulf. Due to less advanced technology, Poor Image, Over-recruitment, Nepotism and political involvement, Corruption PIA is facing financial crisis. Market share is being loosed in international and domestic market. The report is based on the current position of the PIA and problems which PIA is facing and solutions to the problems. The report is comprised of three parts. First part is about the introduction of Pakistan International Airline. The Second part tells about the problems which Pakistan International Airline is facing and further describing the problems. The third part of the report suggests the solutions to problem which PIA can apply for the better performance. In our report we did SWOT analysis and PEST analysis on PIA, and also expressed the market segmentation and market analysis of PIA. We have also studied activities in different departments of PIA. We have also gave some recommendations in order to restructure the organization by conducting interviews and briefly studied financial reports as well as their services offered by PIA. Introduction Brief History: Birth of a nation; An Airline: Air transport has probably never been more important to the development of a new nation than in the case of Pakistan. In June 1946, when Pakistan was still in the offing, Mr. Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the Founder of the upcoming nation, instructed Mr. M. A. Ispahani, a leading industrialist, to set up a national airline, on a priority basis. With his singular vision and foresight, Mr. Jinnah realized that with the formation of the two wings of Pakistan, separated by 1100 miles, a swift and efficient mode of transport was imperative. Despite wars and economic trouble, the carrier survived to grow. Orient Airways, a privately owned company, with limited capital and resources, could not be expected to grow and expand independently. It was then that the Government of Pakistan decided to form a state-owned airline and invited Orient Airways to merge with it. The outcome of the merger was the birth of a new airline, through PIAC Ordinance 1955 on January 10, 1955. In addition to transport activities, Orient Airways had established the nucleus of overhaul and maintenance facilities and acquired trained pilots, engineers and technicians, measures which proved to be a great asset for PIA during its teething phase. PIA’s First International Service The year 1955 also marked the inauguration of the fledgling airlines first scheduled international service to the glittering, glitzy capital city of London, via Cairo and Rome. PIAs focus was, and continues to be, to serve the Pakistani community at large. The provision of transportation to expatriates has remained one of the foremost priorities of the national airline. Moreover, PIA earned substantial foreign exchange through international services, which it invested in the purchase of aircraft and spare parts, as fleet expansion was a grave necessity for the airline. On March 1960, PIA launched its first Boeing 707 jet service on the London-Karachi-Dacca, route which later proved to be very successful. This trail-blazing accomplishment resulted in PIA becoming the first Asian Airline to operate a jet aircraft, setting trends for the future. In 1961, the airline took on the mammoth task of initiating a cross-Atlantic service from Karachi to New York. By this time, PIA had placed orders for more new aircraft, which included Fokker F-27s, Boeing 720Bs and Sikorsky helicopters. Helicopter services in East Pakistan had gained momentum by 1962 and expanded to include Sylhet, Chittagong, Dacca, Comilla and Ishurdi. PIAs helicopter services carried over 70,000 passengers during the first year of operation Ushering In a New Era of Growth and Development PIA heralded the nineties by donning a bright new corporate identity. Old-timers may remember the flutter that the earlier green and gold livery had created when it was first introduced in 1974. However, in keeping with the changing times, PIA introduced a smart, sporty 90s look. The familiar PIA green was reinforced with moss green and pale blue stripes were incorporated into the new corporate identity. The stripes, a universal symbol of sport, highlighted PIAs active participation and sponsorship of a diverse range of national games. PIAs players have always been at the forefront of Pakistani Cricket, Hockey, Squash, Football, Chess, Bridge, Polo and Table-Tennis teams. The nineties also saw the expansion of PIAs massive Hajj and Umrah operations to Pakistans smaller cities, in addition to the major cities of Islamabad, Peshawar, Lahore, Quetta and Karachi. PIAs growth continues unabated and the airline now operates globally, covering the entire domestic landscape and international destinations spread over 4 continents. In a nutshell, About PIA: PIA, Pakistan’s flagship national airline has been an air travel pioneer since its inception in 1955. PIA has many firsts to its credits and continues to soar, ever committed to innovation and Rich customer experiences. With a fleet of younger airplanes, a crew dedicated to providing the highest standards of inflight service, and stellar management, PIA is an airline that’s going places. It is the 16th largest airline in Asia, opening scheduled services to 73 destinations throughout Asia, The Middle East, North America, Europe, as well as an extensive domestic network linking 24 destinations Financial Performance The following table gives the key financial results for 2011 along with those since 2004. The financial performance for FY 2011 continues to be a challenge with an after tax loss of PKR 26. 67 billion. This was preceded by six consecutive loss making years dating back to 2005. The airline did report a reduction of post tax losses of 83% in 2009 (compared to 2008) based on a reduction in fuel cost, comparatively stable exchange rate for the Pakistan Rupee and higher revenues. But in 2011 amp; 2010, losses again rose sharply compared to the previous years. The airline faces many challe nges to its profitability such as staffing levels and overall management issues. An employee count of 18,014 for a fleet of 40 aircraft  is clearly an area that needs to be reviewed. Revenues  | Year| Revenues (PKR in Million)| Profit/(Loss) (PKR in Million)| Employees (Ave. )| 2011| 116,551| (26,767)| 18,014| 2010| 107,532| (20,785)| 18,019| 2009| 94,564| (5,822)| 17,944| 2008| 88,863| (36,139)| 18,036| 2007| 70,481| (13,399)| 18,149| 2006| 70,587| (12,763)| 18,282| 2005| 64,074| (4,412)| 19,263| 2004| 57,788| 2,307| 19,634| The report for the first quarter of 2012  does not show any improvement. The after tax losses reported for the first quarter of 2012 are PKR 7. 81 billion as compared to PKR 4. 24 for Q1 of 2011. Revenue is also pretty much stagnant at PKR 26. 4 billion for the first quarter of 2012 compared with PKR 26. 18 billion for the first quarter of After hovering around the five and a half million mark for around 5 years, the passenger traffic rose to just under six million in 2011 while the passenger load factor went down from 74% in 2010 to 72% in 2011. Passenger Traffic  | Year| Revenue Passengers (Million)| Passenger Load Factor| Average Pa ssenger Stage Distance (Statute KM)| 2011| 5. 953| 72| 2,631| 2010| 5. 538| 74| 2,827| 2009| 5. 535| 70| 2,510| 2008| 5. 617| 71| 2,479| 2007| 5. 415| 67| 2,527| 2007| 5. 15| 67| 2,527| 2006| 5. 732| 69| 2,639| 2005| 5. 499| 70| 2,638| It is also interesting to note that for 2011, about 81% of revenue is from passenger traffic and only 5% from cargo. Another 7. 8% is from room food and beverage sales! The remaining 6% is from excess baggage, charter, engineering services, handling amp; related services, mail amp; other. Research Methodology We have conducted the research on factors effecting the service and financial performance of PIA. For that we have asked some question with relative department such as HR, Finance, Sales and marketing. After secondary data collection primary data is collected through questionnaire the method is used open ended questionnaire where concerned parties have answered them in form of comments and opinions. We have visited head office of Pakistan International Airlines at Islamabad Office. The respondent of our research were upper management staff of PIA. Our target population was upper management as PIA has a centralized structure so lower working staff has not allowed sharing data. INTERVIEW Interviewer Mehmood Rafique, Asad Bashir Interviewee Azhar jameel Bhutto, Ms. Kausar, Ms. Verda Designation Passenger Sales Officer, Marketing officer, Hr Assistant Organization Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) Interview Duration 60 Minutes Interview Session: Q1. Tell Something about PIA? Ans: PIA is the national flag carrier of Pakistan and the national airline operation passenger and cargo services around the world Its main hubs are Jinnah International Airport, Karachi, The Allama Iqbal Lahore and Islamabad Benazir International Airport Islamabad. Q2. Which Markets do you serve? Ans: PIA serves two markets Domestic and International. In the domestic sector it has outperformed itself by stretching its networks to areas. In the international market it faces severe competition, especially due to the fact that these international organizations are providing fares much lower than Pakistan international airlines. Q3. What is the current structure PIA is following? Ans: PIA is following centralized structure. Every decisions and policy changes is taken by Upper management. Q4. How do you give the value to customers? †¢Through pricing strategy †¢Through your services? Ans: Through both pricing strategy as well as services. PIA is the only airline which offers low rates for travelling to its potential customers. Q5. Do you empower employees to share their opinions by participating in the decision making? Ans. PIA does not empower employees in a way that they can raise their opinions. As it is centralized structure everything is decided by upper management. Q6. PIA hires contractual employees or permanent? Ans:PIA hires both contractual as well as permanent employees depends on the job requirement that either a candidate should select as contract basis or permanent. Q7. What is the corporate image of PIA? Ans: Yes off course PIA has a big network, and owned by Government, it has corporate image not at national as well as international level Q8. In Last five years did PIA adopt any technological advancement? Ans:PIA has adopted different enterprise system for technological advancement Like we have installed a new enterprise system ‘’Enterprise Recourse Planning’’. The outcome of applying this system is, it helped us to improve the efficiency of work due to which work load has been reduced and distributed. Q9. How many employees are currently working in PIA? Ans: Currently in PIA 27000 employees are working. Where it’s not a plus point that due to big network a lot of employees are associated with PIA. Management should consider this issue. Q10. What is the current sale of PIA? Ans:The current sale of PIA is 8. 2 billion only in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Q11. What is the best quality of PIA? Ans: PIA’s best quality is. It gives the priority to its customers, to let them loyal with us though PIA faces lots of problem because our most of passenger is not educated so our team deals with love and care, no matter how much passenger harsh to our employees. With that there is no communication barrier with customers. Our team deals with them in a way customer feels convenient. But if we talk about employees perspective, then PIA’s best thing is allowances and benefits given to its employees. Q12. Which accounting standard is followed by PIA? Ans:We follow International Accounting Standard 35. Q13. What is your employees hiring criteria? Ans: First of all we select the eligible candidates CV’s then we send it to Karachi where regional officer decides which candidate should be call for interview. Then those who are selected we call them for entry test and in entry test general questions are asked after clearing test medical test is taking from candidates then finally candidates are call for interview. All positions will be filled by above average intelligence, integrity and good character candidates. * The standard of criteria will be determined by management of PIAC. * Person who is dismissed or convicted of an office shall not be eligible for any post. * Competent authority may relax the maximum age limit up to 10 years. * All appointments sh all be made on clearance certificate from police. * Permanent posts are not given by PIA, now posts are given on contractual basis. * Mostly contract extends from 1 to 5 years. Q14. What marketing channels are used by PIA? Ans:PIA use different marketing channels like we have our magazine that is updated every week. ________________________________________________ Problem Description: According to our research the company is having the problem in the following areas. The problems for Pakistan International Airlines include: Over Staffing: Pakistan International Airlines is a large organization with 18,043 employees. Its fleet comprises of 43 planes. It operating planes are just 33. It means round about 525 employees per plane. The industry average is being between 150-250 people. This describes the position of the company clearly. This drives the cost of the company further. De-motivated employees: Pakistan International Airlines is a company which is constantly going in loss. Higher number of employees and the company already going in loss de-motivates the employees. The employees do not feel secure themselves in the company and try to move to other successful organizations. Also certain issues such as centralized decision making and salary issues also de-motivate the employees taking their attention away from their job. Nepotism and Political involvement during recruitment and selection: Pakistan International Airlines being the government organization has the strong influence of the politicians and government officials. Reports say that Mr. Tariq Kirmani was appointed chairman PIA due to being a friend of Prime minister. Similarly Mr. Kirmani appointed his own friend Director MIS at a heavy salary. Selection and recruitment is not done on merit. Current deputy managing director is another example of this who was a pilot by profession and now deputy managing director still flies some hours a week to keep his license on. Lack of experience relating to aviation industry for the top management: Look at the background of former three chairmen of PIA. Mr. Tariq Kirmani was from PSO, Mr. Zafar Khan was from PTCL and Mr. Ahmad Saeed was from Service industry having no experience of aviation industry. What could they contribute to the organization with no such knowledge? Lapses in the management: The PIA’s management is ineffective to resolve and plan at the right time. Planes with damaged Nose Radome are grounded for consistent 9 days. For an Airline with cargo aircraft and a frequency of eight weekly flights to USA, such an unwarranted delay in procuring Nose Radome is amazing to say the least. New flights to America are thought to start but with American aviation industry there is no talk. Strikes by engineers happen due to the mismanagement and cause a great loss to the company. Million of rupees worth cargo off loading from A VVIP flight is another example of this. Government’s and Civil Aviation authority’ policies: Pakistan International Airlines has to pay a big amount as an expense on its borrowings from banks. Already being in such a big crisis, the company is getting no support in this regard like WAPDA is getting. Also civil aviation authority of Pakistan’ policies are hampering PIA a great deal. Pakistan International Airlines being a national carrier has to go to those routes which are going in loss. Routes such as, Swat, Bahawalpur, Dalbandin etc are called socioeconomic routes and PIA has to get to those routes despite of great loss. On these airports, airport staff is greater numbers as compared to passengers. The money which is received as for providing services to passengers is taxed by the government at a very high rate. Rising fuel prices in the World: There is been consistent rise in fuel prices in the international market. Fuel prices have impacted on almost every airline in the world. This has affected Pakistan international Airlines more than any other airline due to its aged fleet. New planes are fuel efficient as compared to old ones. In an airline normally 30-35% of expenses account for fuel expenses but in Pakistan International Airlines this number goes to 45-50%. Due to these factors PIA has to charge more fare to customers that’s dissatisfies the customers. Aged fleet: Pakistan International Airlines fleet has total 43 planes. Out of those 43, only 33 are operating at the moment. The average age of the fleet is 13 years which has become 13 years with the induction of 4 new planes. Previously it was 14. Due to aged fleet the fuel is consumed more and maintenance expenses are increase. Thus theses factors result in increment in expenses. Due to the aged fleet and maintenance problem PIA has to pay higher amount in terms of insurance cost. Maintenance problems: Beside having a large number of engineers, there is always been a question mark on PIA’s fleet maintenance. In 2010 European Union banned 20 out of 42 planes were banned from operating in Europe. This results a 4 billion Rs. loss to the company just from Europe’s segment to the company. This ban was imposed just due to the lack of proper maintenance. Corruption at its peak: Corruption is a sin that has hollowed Pakistani society bases. Like all other departments of our country corruption is at its peak in Pakistan International Airlines. Sale of Roosevelt hotel in Dubai is a clear example of it. The hotel was valued about 1 billion but it was sold only in 40 millions. The sale of PIA’s kitchen centre in Karachi is another example of this. There a profit making unit of the company was sold. It was generating great revenues for the company but was sold confidentially. Less technology advanced as compared to its competitors: PIA is competing with the airlines from all over the country especially with the Middle East airlines which are coming in with heavy investment. Its competitors such as Emirates and Qatar airways have great capital. Theses Middle East organizations are putting in newer and newer technology and acquiring greater manpower. PIA being already in a financial crunch faces a tough task. Poor image: With already going in financial loss, 9/11 impact on the industry and above all incapability of Pakistan International Airlines’ management has badly damaged the image of the Airline. Due to all such problems the fares of PIA are higher but service is not up to that class. This also gives a bad image to the passengers. Lack of training facilities: Although PIA is running a training and development department in Karachi but it is in sufficient to feed such a big organization with almost 18000 employees. Special skills such as engineering, technicians are lacking. If they are there, they are not delivering. SWOT Analysis of Pakistan International Airlines: STRENGTHS: LEADING MARKET POSITION: PIA is one of Pakistan’s leading air carriers, with more than 800 daily flights. Around 150,000 passengers a month fly on PIA, making it one of the major operators in the domestic market in terms of passenger kilometers. PIA’s international market share was 43. 5%, In the Domestic market, its market share was 69. 4%. On a system-wide basis, PIA’s market share was 51. 2% at the end of year 2011. Its strong market position is driven by consistently low fares as well as reliable service, frequent and convenient flights, use of new technologies like e-ticketing and self check-in terminals, comfortable cabins and superior customer service. BRAND RECOGNITION: PIA has high brand recall. It is recognized by travelers all over the country. PIA is a national airline, operating passenger and cargo services covering eighty-two domestic and foreign. PIA has earned the number one ranking in customer satisfaction. This strong market position gives the company a scale advantage and helps it strengthen its brand image. SUPERIOR OPERATING STRUCTURE: PIA has maintained its position as the low cost carrier. It has been first class Pakistani airline to use the latest technology. Factors’ contributing consists of different series of Boeing and Airbus and an efficient, high-utilization and point- to-point route structure. Flying one type of aircraft significantly simplifies scheduling, maintenance, flight operations, and training activities. PIA has continually achieved high asset utilization and employee efficiency. Superior operating structure serves as the primary competitive advantage of PIA. NETWORK PRESENCE: PIA enjoys a strong network in key domestic and international destinations. The company’s network includes three the major airports in Pakistan, as well as major international airport such as Dubai International Airport. Having a strong network means that PIA can generate traffic feed for both its domestic and international Flights. HUB AIRPORT AT KARACHI: PIA operates from its hub in Jinnah International Airport, Karachi. Jinnah International is one of the world’s busiest airports in terms of number of passengers carried. It is also one of the largest international gateways to Asia. It is also the leading international air passenger (and cargo) gateway to Pakistan. The company’s strong presences in airports with heaviest traffic levels in Pakistan give it a competitive advantage. EFFECTIVE USE OF TECHNOLOGY: PIA has successfully incorporated latest technology in all its systems, giving it an edge over competitors. PIA takes credit for introducing most new technologies to the Pakistani market. It was the second carrier in Pakistan to incorporate the c-ticketing system and the second in South Asia to introduce self check in systems at the Jinnah International Airport, Karachi. WEAKNESSES: FORMULATION OF GOVT. RULES: The Basic flaw of this organization is its consolidation that is centralized system. The key policies, strategies and set of laws are designed by the upper management. The centralized system is one of the biggest obstacles of long term success of PIA. PIA centralizes structure lead to barrel between different level of management, decreased motivation, hard access to information. HIGH DEPENDENCE ON PASSENGER REVENUES: Passenger revenues accounted for 87 percent of the PIA’s total revenue in 2011. Cargo services allow airlines to generate additional revenues from existing passenger flights. In addition, cargo revenues are usually counter cyclical to passenger revenues and have lower demand elasticity than passenger business, which allows airlines to pass on fuel price hikes to customers. DEBT: PIA has a significant amount of 42 billion debts. Current and future debts could have important consequences for stakeholders of the company. For example, debt could impair PIA ability to make investments and obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or general corporate or other purposes. Debts could also put PIA at a competitive disadvantage to competitors that have lesser debt and could also increase the company’s vulnerability to interest rate increases. RELIANCE ON OIL PRICES: PIA’s sustainability, growth and revenues directly depend on oil prices. A steep rise in oil prices can seriously damage the long term viability of any airline. Recently many airlines around the world went bankrupt due to rising oil prices. Airlines need to hedge against this risk by taking proper measures. OPPORTUNITIES: HAVING THE MAXIMUM ROUTE AND FLEET: PIA is having the maximum route and fleet domestic and international destinations network in Pakistan as compared to its Competitors. Route and fleet expansion will positively impact the company’s operations by increasing revenues. GROWING DEMAND FOR LOW COST AIRLINES: The growing demand for air travel is driven by lower fares and consumer confidence. A survey by International Aviation Authority showed that ticket price is the number one criterion for passengers when selecting a flight, well ahead of the availability of a non-stop service. CUSTOMER LOYALTY: PIA’s frequent flyer and loyalty programs can help it retain customers. PIA’s Awards+plus (frequent flyer program) was established to develop passenger loyalty by offering awards and services to frequent travelers. Such schemes encourage repeat travel on PIA, as passengers seek to accrue the benefits given to regular travelers. This enables the airline to retain customers and reduce costs, as it does not have to spend money targeting new customers to replace those lost to other airlines. SHIFTING CUSTOMER NEEDS: The needs of air passengers are increasingly changing, as they are becoming more and more price sensitive. If PIA succeeds in making its prices more competitive, then the company will be able to gain significant market share. INDUSTRY RECOVERY: Market analysts believe that the global airline industry will experience an upturn in fortunes over the next few years. This represents an opportunity for PIA, as it could generate increased revenues and command market share if it capitalizes on increases in demand. THREATS HIGH INTEREST RATES: The past few years have seen State Bank of Pakistan impose high as well as low interest rates to check inflation and the over heating of Pakistani conomy. Inflation in Pakistan may see another raise in the short-term. ACCIDENTS: There had been five accidents with PIA listed as below: * Pakistan International Airlines Flight PK 705 was a Boeing 720 – 040 B that crashed while descending to land on Runway 34 at Cairo International Airport on May 20, 1965 resulting in 119 fatalities. * Pakistan International Airlines Flight PK740 was a Boeing 707-340C tha t crashed after takeoff from Jeddah International Airport on November 26, 1979. All 156 aboard were killed. Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268 was an Airbus A300B4-203, registration AP-BCP, which crashed on approach to Kathmandus Tribhuvan International Airport on September 28, 1992. All 167 on board were killed. * PIA Flight 554 is the flight number of a Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) Fokker F27 that was hijacked on May 25, 1998. The flight started its journey at Gwadar in Balochistan after originating in Turbat, and was flying to Pakistans southern port city of Karachi. The aircraft was carrying 24 passengers and 5 crew members. Pakistan International Airlines Flight 688 (PK688, PIA688) was scheduled to operate from Multan to Lahore and Islamabad at 12:05 pm on July 10, 2006. It crashed into a field after bursting into flames a few minutes after takeoff from Multan International Airport. All 41 passengers and four crewmembers on board were killed. PIA has to continu ously ensure utmost safety and security of its passengers. Accidents can adversely affect customer confidence in PIA and result in declined revenues intensifying competition. STRONG COMPETITION BY AIRBLUE: PIA is now competing against carriers such as Airblue and Shaheen Airline. PIA remains Airblue’s strongest competitor because of the huge market it has gained over time, strong brand image and customer loyalty. PIA has started new low-fares subsidiary â€Å"PIA Express† to stop the Airblue market share growing to fast. Moreover, major legacy airlines have been focusing on restructuring costs, which has improved their competitiveness. With costs restructured, the legacy airlines are becoming more formidable competitors in terms of increasing capacity, matching prices and leveraging their frequent flier programs. Increasing competition could adversely affect the company’s margins. INTEREST AND FOREIGN CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES: Fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates can have a significant impact on PIA’s earnings. For example, as PIA is providing its services to the UK. Negative or positive effects arise from exchange rate movements as change in expenses. Strengthening of foreign currencies against the British Pound will positively impact PIA and vice versa. DECLINE IN AIRLINE INDUSTRY: A number of factors have caused the current decline in the airline industry. For example, the threat of further terrorist attacks since September 11 and a fall in the number of business travelers have both caused passenger numbers to fall. These and other factors may continue to affect demand for air travel in the future, which will affect revenues of PIA. The threat of terrorism may discourage people from traveling by air and could especially reduce the number of passengers traveling on international flights. PEST ANALYSIS The macro-environment includes all factors influencing a company that are not within its control. These include political, social, economic and technological factors. These are known as PEST factors. A technique of analysis of the macro environment is PEST analysis. Environmental analysis should be continuous arid precede all aspects of planning. Since the airline industry is very much influenced by changes taking place in the environment and has undergone rapid and dramatic changes during the last decade, this analysis is especially important for PIA. POLITICAL FACTORS: Political factors always have a great influence on the way businesses operate in the airline industry and the spending power of customers. In recent years it has been observed that government played an active role in increasing competition in the airline industry. A number of new airlines such as AirBlue and JS Air have been awarded licenses to enter the domestic market. Pakistan has achieved some political stability in recent years. If the management of PIA believes that the present government will perform well (consistently), then there will be more investment in the form of purchase of new airplanes and latest technology. The over all industry will grow resulting in more luxurious and comfortable flights. With the military takeover government policies have become more liberal. ECONOMIC FACTORS: Currently, Airlines industry has three major players: Pakistan International Airlines, an Airblue, Aero Asia and Shaheen Airlines. Their target market includes domestic travelers as well as Pakistanis living abroad particularly in the UK and USA. These countries have strong economies coupled with high purchasing power. Customers’ purchase behavior depends very much on prices of the competing airlines as well as services offered. As inflation rate is unstable in Pakistan, spending power of consumers has effected in the long term. In fact growth in Pakistani economy has resulted in an increase in spending power and has positively impacted the airline industry. Economically, the new millennium has been highly volatile; the September 11 attacks revolutionized the whole world. Consequently, there was a global depression in the North America, South America, Australia and Europe. However, in Asia especially Pakistan the effect in the short term was otherwise. The economy began to boom because of greater remittances from abroad and whole sum immigration by expatriates. As a result, demand for air travel in South Asia rose. Economic conditions of Pakistan are however improving. PIA has cost a advantage over its competitors because of its newly acquired, improved, long distance aircrafts from Boeing’ which give longer range and better fuel economy than any other jet currently produced. This cost advantage is a barrier to entry for new firms. However, this cost advantage will not be significant on domestic routes. SOCIAL FACTORS: The social arid cultural influences on business vary from country to country. The social structure of Pakistan is closely tied. The trend is now changing as the general public is educated and is pursuing professional goals. Customers are more aware of market conditions and available options and want to get best value for their money. They spend considerable time and money on entertainment hence increasing the need of in-flight entertainment systems. Also, word of mouth has a significant impact in the use of airline services. Hajj attracts a huge number of customers. The social environment of Pakistan is turning liberal with the new regime. The initiative to automate check-in and ticket booking process might not be very popular with the general public (even educated population) is still technology averse. E-ticketing might also face significant challenges as consumers are generally reluctant to provide their credit cards information over the phone and the internet. The consumers, however, have a warm reaction to the prospect of less costly but quality service flights. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS: Technology is vital for competitive advantage and is a major driver of the airlines industry. Major technological changes are taking place in the airlines industry with innovations in the reservations and booking systems. In-flight entertainment systems and auto check in counters are two examples of such innovations. Internet plays a key role in e-ticketing as consumer can easily reserve tickets or check the status of the flight. A key issue will be the extent, to which technological advancements (such as Internet) impact distribution and cost synergies from industry consolidation, can offset upward pressures on costs. PIA has always led the path of technological innovations by introducing new technologies ahead of its competitors such as its auto check-in counters which has helped it gain market share. It was the first airline in Pakistan to install Sabre system followed by the market leader. Recommendations and suggestions: Needed better functioning of human resource and administration department * Management is needed to perform it responsibility professionally. Reducing costs and trying to achieve more market share by combining the organization. * Marketing department must deliver in order to create a strong figure for the organization. It must be responsible for creating more sales and getti ng more market share. Providing awareness about the good characteristics of the organization. Getting information on related field and report to the top officials. * Modernizing the airline’s fleet is badly needed as well proper maintenance of the fleet is required. Must take advantage of the increment in the air transportation especially towards Middle East countries and India. * Better and modern functioning of training and development department * Need for accountability. Implementation of program: Human resources and administration department: Pakistan International Airlines is a huge company with over 18, 000 employees. A human resources and administration department is working but it is needed to be work efficiently and according to the standards. If it would have been working properly then there would not been 525 ratio of employees per plane. Jobs must be designed by this department. Each and every position must be clearly defined. From the chairman to a sales agent and even further down everyone must be clear about his responsibilities. He should be held responsible for his job. International standards for recruitment must be adopted. Right number of persons must be appointed for a specific job. Proper advertisements for each and every job must be done. So that as many talented candidates can come in front. PIA’s manpower should be combination of youth and experience. Both the age groups shall be included in order to gain profitability. Rewards and incentives must be attached with the performance. Similarly there should be a check if an employee is not fulfilling his or her responsibilities. Job security must be done so that employees feel secure within the organization and remain loyal and committed to it, work for its benefits. Employee participation in the decision making must be enhanced. For the top level management such as chairman or managing director people having aviation industry experience must be hired. There should be no political or government influence during recruitment or selection. Merit must be considered at first. Management issues: There should be no compromise on discipline. Discipline should be the key factor for the organization. Policies must be clearly defined. Goals and objectives should be determined for the organization as a whole and individually as well. Management must assure that each and every person is committed to his job and the organization is going towards the achievement of its targets. Management should ensure the punctuality of flight, in flights services and their standard must be world class. Safety and maintenance issues for the planes must be strongly checked. Management’s perspective should be to increase the profitability and ensure the good image of Pakistan. Security and safety of cargo must be ensured. It must be management’s responsibility to ensure services to the passengers both in plane and at airport as well. The management must talk to the government on routes rationalization. Only those routes must be held which are profiting or which can provide profits in the future. The management needs to bring all the available resources in use and bring the modern facilities, software’s and information to the organization or at least report the need to top level decision makers. Management should be done by objectives, both short term and long term. Short term objectives to increase the profit and market share by reducing the costs and expenses. Long term objectives must be image building, providing state or the art equipment and fleet to the organization and creating corporate culture and value in the organization. Marketing department: Pakistan International Airlines marketing department has two divisions. It is passengers division and cargo division. Passenger sales division must be held responsible to boost sales by introducing different types of packages. It must also have the responsibility for handling customer queries and complaints. Effective campaigning of the special interests tourists’ packages for Pakistan to increase the travel to Pakistan must be done. Soft and brighter image of Pakistan and PIA must be enhanced. Cargo division must be responsible for supplying both perishable and non-perishable goods in the global market place. The major objectives of this division should be: * To develop Strategic alliances with other carriers so as to increase the capacity on the high yield sectors. Annually enhancing the cargo reservation services, terminal services and warehousing services at domestic and international stations to be competitive other carriers in the industry. * Revisions of cargo fares and offerings on annual basis to optimize the full potential of cargo space on all the sectors. Marketing planning should be done in such a way: * It must gather effective information regarding marketing and sales activities of va rious airlines. * Must Adopt and access the emerging software’s / programs which are needed to remain competitive in the industry. Annual assignment of realistic sales targets must be given to each sales area. * Effective evaluation of the sales targets on monthly basis must be done to take corrective measures for fulfillment of the sales targets. * The organization must provide a lot of activities in-flight to ensure that the passengers are entertained during their journey. These activities include movies, music, and in-flight duty free shops. * The pricing objective of PIA should be to maximize profits. It is considered an airline which charges high prices as compared to its competitors. So it must provide services to the passengers comparable to its price. Prices and services must be settled in accordance with the industry. PIA being huge organization must use a lot of promotional methods to persuade people to use its services. These must include advertising (newspaper, internet), through its own magazine, personal selling, sales promotion, and public relations. Advertising is an impersonal form of communication which should be used by PIA in many ways, such as TV ads, print ads. PIA can also use internet for its promotion. The passengers must provide online booking facility, online checking facility and up to date flight schedule. PIA is treated much of an ethnic airline rather than being a commercial airline. Its image must be advertised and portrayed in such a way so that every group and segment of passengers can travel on it. Modernization of fleet: A big reason for the decrease of market share and profits is due to the aged fleet of Pakistan International Airlines. PIA is competing with the rich and wealthy airline companies from the Middle East. Average age of PIA’s fleet is 13 now with the induction of 4 new planes, while its competitors have average age fleet between 7-8 years. PIA must modernize its fleet. At the moment it has 43 planes out of which only 33 are operating while rest of them are not in operating condition. PIA must modernize and expand it fleet number to 55 in the coming two years. Fuel efficient planes must be bought. It will not only enhance the brighter image but also will bring great financial benefits by reducing maintenance cost and fuel consumption. The modern fleet will be well equipped with all the modern facilities. Explore more market: India can be a great market for Pakistan international Airlines. It is a huge market and needed to increase its flight to India. Similarly the frequency of flights can be raised to profit making routes. According to IATA average annual growth in passengers will be 7. 8% for Asia pacific and 9. 8% for Middle East from 20011-2013. PIA can take advantage of this situation and by providing greater services it can get more market share. Training and development department: Training and development must function properly. It must prepare the employees for the upcoming challenges and threats in the industry. Both the airline’s staff and other employees of the organization must be well equipped with the latest techniques and skills used in the airline industry. Engineering department plays a vital role in this regard. A lot of money can be saved if engineers and technicians are well equipped. No need to go abroad for maintenance and over hauling of the planes. Accountability: There should be proper check and balance in the organization. Everyone should be held responsible for its responsibilities. There should be proper audit of each and every department of the organization. If found any mishap, the responsible people must be punished. Finance: * Government of Pakistan holds 83% of the shares of PIA. 13 % or more shares can be sold through IPO’s so that more finance will come into the ompany. Also private investors’ interest will rise. Both the government and private interest will give a new look to the company. The way of thinking will be changed entirely. * Pakistan international can lease its some of the international routes which are going in loss (such as American routes) and it is thinking to close these stations. Simila rly it can arrange an agreement with domestic airlines. Benefits * By purchasing new fleets the repairing cost decreases and attracts the customers that cause to decrease the cost and increase the revenue of PIA. Fleet modernization will bring more security, safety, less maintenance expenses and will project a brighter image of the airline. * By applying the modern techniques of management, management will focus on its objectives and goal in an efficient and productive manner which will reduce the expenses and focus on the achieving the profit * By properly marketing itself PIA will present a better image to the world. By clearly describing facilities and projecting its image it will help in growing market share. * Training and development of employees will prepare the employees for current tasks and for future challenges. By removal of old employees it creates an opportunity for fresh energetic candidates to show their performance. It also causes to reduce the cost because their salaries have been increases very high. * By the publication of magazine the awareness of the people about PIA increases. It increases the number of passenger that increases the revenue. * Timely decisions are possib le by decentralizing the decision making power. * Strict control on inventory stock will reduced the cost. * By appointing employees on permanent basis the sense of ownership will increases. When employees secure about future they can focus on their work more efficiently. * By giving the importance to the suggestion of lower level management and their participation in decision making, they wok with responsibility and tried their best for the organization. * Reducing the HR budget by clearly defining the job and designing the jobs. So right number of people and required number of people will work. A proper performance and reward system will induce employees to work effectively, efficiently and remain loyal to the organization. References Sites www. piac. com. pk ttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_destinations3 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines www. google. com http://www. historyofpia. com/ http://www. airlinequality. com/Forum/pia. htm http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/438805/Pakistan/23702/Transportation-and-telecommunications#ref=ref387351 http://aviation-safety. net/database/operator/airline. php? var=4 931 http://www. centreforaviation. com/news/2009/07/10/pakistan-international-airlines-reports-second-consecutive-operating-profit-in-1q2009/page1 http://findarticles. om/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2006_May_8/ai_n16347759/? tag=content-inner;col1 http://wwwagse. informatik. uni-kl. de/teaching/pia-scenario/ http://www. abacus. com. pk/news_events/travel_secure. asp http://www. asiatraveltips. com/news06/95-Abacus. shtml http://www. etq. com/airsafety/ Journals, Reports, Magazines, Vouchers amp; broachers * Annual report of PIA 2012 * PIA in-flight entertainment magazine. * New Frontiers in HRD By Monica Lee, Jim Stewart, Jean Woodall * An internship Report on PIAC by Miss. Asiya Khan MBA LUMS. Lahore 6. (2006-2008) http://www. scribd. com/doc/13082382/Pia-Report? autodown=doc